Muscles Research
Abdomen
Source 1
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen#Muscles)
Muscles
There are three layers of the abdominal
wall. They are, from the outside to the inside: external oblique, internal
oblique,
and transverse abdominus. The first three layers extend between
the vertebral
column,
the lower ribs, the iliac
crest
and pubis of the hip. All of their fibers merge
towards the midline and surround the rectus
abdominus
in a sheath before joining up on the opposite side at the linea alba. Strength is gained by the
criss-crossing of fibers, such that the external
oblique
are downward and forward, the internal
oblique
upward and forward, and the transverse abdominus horizontally forward.
The transversus abdominis muscle is flat and triangular, with its
fibers running horizontally. It lies between the inner oblique and the
underlying transversalis fascia. It originates from Poupart's ligament, the
inner lip of the ilium, the lumbar fascia and the inner surface of the cartilages of the six lower ribs. It inserts into
the linea alba behind the rectus
abdominis.
The rectus abdominis muscles are long and flat. The
muscle is crossed by three tendinous intersections called the linae transversae. The rectus abdominis is enclosed in a
thick sheath formed, as described above, by fibers from each of the three
muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. They originate at the pubis bone, run up the abdomen on either side of
the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh
ribs. In the region of the groin, the inguinal canal, a passage through the layers. This gap
is where the testes can drop through the wall
and where the fibrous cord from the uterus in the female runs. This is
also where weakness can form, and inguinal
hernias.
The pyramidalis
muscle
is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the
rectus abdominis. It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the
linea alba halfway up to the umbilicus.
Functions
The abdominal muscles have
different important functions. They assist in the breathing process. Moreover,
these muscles serve as protection for the inner organs. Furthermore, together
with the back muscles they provide postural support and are important in
defining the form. When the glottis is closed and the thorax and pelvis are fixed, they are integral
in the cough, urination, defecation, childbirth, vomit, and singing functions. When
the pelvis is fixed, they can initiate the movement of the trunk in a forward
motion. They also prevent hyperextension. When the thorax is fixed,
they can pull up the pelvis and finally, they can bend the vertebral column
sideways and assist in the trunks rotation. The transverse abdominus muscle is
the deepest muscle, therefore, it cannot be touched from the outside. It can
greatly affect the body posture. The internal obliques are also deep and also
affect body posture. Both of them are involved in rotation and lateral flexion
of the spine and are used to bend and
support the spine from the front. The external obliques are more superficial
and they are also involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the spine. Also
they stabilize the spine when upright. The rectus abdominus muscle is not the
most superficial abdominal muscle. The tendonous sheath extending from the
external obliques cover the rectus abdominus. The Rectus abdominus is the
muscle that very fit people develop into the 6-pack ab look. Although, it
should really be an 8 pack as there are 4 vertical sections on each side. The 2
bottom sections are just above the pubic bone and usually not visible, hence,
the 6 pack abs. The rectus abdominals' function is to bend one's back forward
(flexion). The main work of the abdominal muscles is to bend the spine forward
when contracting coencentrically.
Source 2 (http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Abdominal_muscles)
There are four main
abdominal muscle groups that combine to completely cover the internal organs:
•
Transversus abdominus – the deepest muscle layer.
Its main roles are to stabilise the trunk and maintain internal abdominal
pressure.
•
Rectus abdominus – slung between the ribs and
the pubic bone at the front of the pelvis. This muscle has the characteristic
bumps or bulges, when contracting, that are commonly called ‘the six pack’. The
main function of the rectus abdominus is to move the body between the ribcage
and the pelvis.
•
External oblique muscles – these are on each side of
the rectus abdominus. The external oblique muscles allow the trunk to twist,
but to the opposite side of whichever external oblique is contracting. For
example, the right external oblique contracts to turn the body to the left.
•
Internal oblique muscles – these flank the rectus
abdominus and are located just inside the hipbones. They operate in the
opposite way to the external oblique muscles. For example, twisting the trunk
to the left requires the left side internal oblique and the right side external
oblique to contract together.
Biceps/Triceps
Source 3
(http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/See-through-Body/Sci-Media/Images/Bicep-and-tricep-muscles)
Seen here is the
bicep and tricep muscles. When the bicep muscle contracts to flex (bend) the
forearm, the triceps muscle relaxes. To extend (straighten) the forearm the
biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts.
Source 4
(http://www.livestrong.com/article/510098-how-do-biceps-triceps-work-to-bend-your-arm/)
Your biceps and
triceps -- the muscles of your upper arm -- work to bend and straighten your
arm and turn your wrist. Your upper-arm muscles function in a variety of
athletic activities. Rope climbing and arm wrestling heavily tax your biceps,
and your triceps function in everything from pushing to punching. Consult a
health care practitioner before starting any exercise program.
Triceps
Your triceps --
the muscles on the back of your upper arm -- extend your elbow. Every time your
arm straightens against resistance, you are using your triceps. Any exercise
where your elbow extends, such as pushdowns, barbell extensions or overhead
extensions allows you to focus on your triceps. Compound exercises that use
multiple joints, including the bench press, heavily work your triceps,
according to a 1995 study published in the "Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research." The effort of pushing your arms straight against the resistance
of the bench press causes significant elbow extension and triceps recruitment.
Biceps
Your biceps
serve two purposes -- flexing your elbow and suppinating your wrist. Flexion of
the elbow occurs when you bend your arm up, and takes place in exercises such
as barbell curls. Suppination is when you turn your palm so it faces up, and
occurs in exercises such as dumbbell curls, where you rotate your wrist on the
way up to activate this function of your biceps. Compound exercises such as
chinups and barbell rows heavily tax your biceps, as your elbow is flexing
while your biceps is in a stretched position.
Quadriceps
Source 5
(https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-quadriceps-femoris-muscle)
Function
The
quadriceps is the only extensor of the knee joint. Therefore it plays a key
role in every movement involving the stretching of the knee (e.g. walking,
climbing stairs, rising from the sitting position). In addition it keeps the
knee from buckling when standing. Furthermore the rectus femoris muscle forces
a flexion of the hip joint. To a small extend the vastus medialis muscle is
involved in the inward rotation and the vastus lateralis muscle in the outward rotation
of the knee joint. The articularis genus muscle is directly linked to the knee
joint capsule and the suprapatellar bursa. During the knee extension it pulls
both structures proximally and by this means prevents their entrapment between
patella and femur.
The
quadriceps tendon utilizes the patella as a sesamoid bone. This has two
advantages: 1) The lever arm is lengthened which effectively increases the
torque (torsional moment). Thus the muscle needs less power in order to move
the bone. 2) The patella protects the knee joint from damage through the
quadriceps tendon.
Source 6
(http://www.lazyrunner.com/quadriceps)
The quadriceps are the muscle
group that sits on the front of the thigh. As the name suggests there are four
muscles in all, Vastus Medialis (inner side of leg), Vastus Intermedius
and Vastus Lateralis (outer side of leg), and the Rectus Femoris. The
Quadriceps attaches to the tibia (below the knee) and originate from the top of
the femur (thigh bone).
The function of the quads is to
extend the knee, which in turn straightens the leg, and the Rectus Femoris also
flexes the hip.
The quadriceps are the largest
and most powerful muscles group in the body, which makes sense really as they
are required to move and support the largest bone in the body, the Femur.
Hamstrings
Source 7
(http://www.ehow.com/facts_5526567_functions-hamstring-muscles.html)
Knee Flexion
Knee
flexion is one of the major functions of the hamstrings. This is seen during
movements such as the squat, deadlift and lunge.
Hip Extension
Hip
extension is the other major function of the hamstrings. This action also
occurs during the squat and deadlift, but at lockout rather than in the
beginning of the motion.
Source 8
(http://www.livestrong.com/article/151904-what-is-the-purpose-function-of-the-hamstring/)
Three muscles make up the
hamstring muscle group--the bicep femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus.
The hamstrings are at the back of the thigh and cross the hip and knee joints.
Since the hamstrings cross two joints, they have two actions, which include
knee flexion and hip extension and hyper-extension. According to Ame
Ridderikhoff in "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise," the
hamstrings also have major roles in forward propulsion and transferring power
between hip and knee joints
Knee Flexion
The hamstrings run down the back
of your thigh, where they attach below the knee joint. As the hamstrings are
contracted and shortened, they pull the lower leg toward the butt. This action
is called knee flexion. The hamstrings also act to control the opposite action,
which is knee extension. Thus, another role of the hamstrings is to
counterbalance the action of the opposing muscles at the front of the thigh.
According to Maarten Bobbert in Exercise and Sport Sciences Review, adequate
strength of the hamstrings is necessary to prevent injury of the hamstring
muscles, tendons and knee ligaments.
Hip Extension
Since the hamstrings are at the
back of the thigh and cross the hip joint, they have a major role in extending
and hyper-extending the hip. Hip extension occurs when the thigh is pulled back
to a standing position. Hip hyper-extension occurs as the thigh is pulled back
beyond a standing position, as occurs during jogging or running. As the
hamstrings are contracted and shortened, they help to pull the thigh downward
and backward. The gluteal muscles, or butt muscles, work in coordination with
the hamstrings to extend the hip during running or jumping. The hamstrings also
have a role in controlling the opposite action, which is hip flexion. Without
adequate hamstring strength, injuries can occur to the hamstring muscle fibers
that are closer to the hip, according to Donald Neumann in the Journal of
Orthopedic Sports and Physical Therapy.
Deltoids
Source 9
(http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/deltoid-muscle)
The deltoid muscle is located on
the outside of the shoulder and is recognized by its triangular shape. The
deltoid muscle was named after the Greek letter Delta due to the similar shape they
both share. The deltoid muscle is constructed with three main sets of fibers:
anterior, middle, and posterior. These fibers are connected by a very thick
tendon and are anchored into a V-shaped channel housed in the shaft of the
humerus bone in the arm. The deltoid muscle is responsible for the brunt of all
arm rotation and allows a person to keep carried objects at a safer distance
from the body. It is also tasked with stopping dislocation and injury to the
humerous when carrying heavy loads. One of the most common injuries to the
deltoid muscle is deltoid strain. Deltoid strain is characterized by sudden and
sharp pain where injured, intense soreness and pain when lifting the arm out
from the side of the body, and/or tenderness and swelling caused by (and
located at) the deltoid muscle.
Source
10 (http://www.aestheticworld.com/deltoid/)
Deltoid (Shoulder) muscle
information, location and function
The deltoid muscle is made up of
three major parts, the anterior, lateral and posterior.
These muscles when developed give
the broad shoulder look but all three muscles need to be developed for optimum
results which involve different exercises.
LOCATION OF THE DELTOIDS
The deltoids are located at the
shoulder. The anterior is at the front of the shoulder, the lateral is at the
outside of the shoulder and the posterior is at the back of the shoulder. This
muscle should not be neglected as the deltoids should be worked equally for
balance of development and correct posture.
FUNCTION OF THE DELTOID MUSCLE
The deltoid muscle is responsible
for arm rotation and for carrying things upwards and outwards away from the
body, also preventing the arm from dislocation or injury of the humerus bone.
Muscles Drawing Research
Deltoids
Source 1
(http://deltoidexercises.com)
Source 2 (http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_wilson_drugguides_1/0,5513,403564-,00.html)
I am going to use these diagrams to draw the deltoids on my
animation. I like these pictures because they give me the side view of the muscles,
which I need as the animation is in side view. I am also going to use the shape
that they give here in the pictures to make the muscles in the animation as
accurate as possible.
Muscle Explanation Research
(Dutch)
Source 1 (http://www.encyclo.nl/begrip/Agonistische%20en%20antagonistische%20spieren)
Agonistische en antagonistische spieren
Een agonist is een buigende spier die beweging
veroorzaakt. Door samentrekking zorgt een agonist voor de buigende beweging in
een gewricht, zodat een ledemaat uit zijn rustpositie komt. Een voorbeeld is de
biceps, die de elleboog buigt. Een antagonist is een strekkende spier die tegen
de beweging door een agonist inwerkt. Zo zorgt een antagonist e
Source 1 (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonistische_en_antagonistische_spieren)
Een agonist is een buigende spier die beweging veroorzaakt. Door samentrekking zorgt een agonist voor
de buigende beweging in een gewricht,
zodat een ledemaat uit zijn rustpositie komt. Een voorbeeld is de biceps, die de elleboog buigt.
Een antagonist is een strekkende spier die tegen de beweging door een agonist inwerkt. Zo zorgt een
antagonist ervoor dat een ledemaat
zich strekt en terugkeert in de rustpositie. Een voorbeeld is de triceps, die de biceps tegenwerkt.
Antagonistische paren
De agonisten en antagonisten vormen
zogenaamde antagonistische paren, die bestaan uit een buigende en een
strekkende spier. De buigende spier "sluit" het gewricht (dat wil
zeggen: hij verkleint de hoek tussen de twee botten),
en de strekkende spier zorgt voor de tegengestelde beweging.
De reden dat antagonistische paren nodig zijn
in het lichaam is dat spieren alleen kunnen samentrekken. Een spier kan
samentrekken maar niet uit zichzelf weer uitrekken. Een paar tegenwerkende
spieren heeft daar natuurlijk geen moeite mee. Als bijvoorbeeld de biceps samentrekt,
is de triceps ontspannen en wordt hij uitgerekt. Als de arm weer gestrekt moet
worden, spant de triceps zich en wordt de gespannen biceps weer uitgerekt
Source 3
(http://www.fysiotherapieadvies.nl/bovenarm-onderarm-hand/)
Bovenarmspieren
• m.
deltoïdeus (spieren gelegen op de schouder)
m. deltoïdeus pars spinalis (gehecht aan de spina
scpulae)
m. deltoïdeus pars acromialis (gehecht aan het
acromion)
m. deltoïdeus pars clavicularis (gehecht aan de
clavicula)
• m.
supraspinatus (spieren gelegen op de scapulae, boven het spina scapulae)
• m.
infraspinatus (spieren gelegen op de scapulae, onder het spina scapulae)
• m.
teres minor (spieren gelegen op de scapulae, onder de m. infraspinatus)
• m.
subscapularis ( hele binnenkant van scapulae)
• m.
coracobrachialis (spieren caudaal gelegen aan de proc. coracoideus tot
halverwege humerus)
m. triceps brachii (dorsale aanzicht spieren
humerus)
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